Political Strategies Research Articles

EU Energy Policy: Difficulties in the Way of Implementation of Tasks

The article studies the problem of energy policy of the EU. Issues of creation of conditions necessary for realization of declared goals are considered. The features of implementation of the tasks are highlighted. It is concluded that the energy policy of the EU countries has both a number of advantages and a number of difficulties, which can become a significant obstacle to the implementation of all announced projects. The formation of European Union energy policy in recent years has been strongly influenced by external factors, such as: the emergence and development of new technologies, climate change, EU countries’ dependence on energy imports and new policy decisions. Considerable attention is being paid to renewable energy (RES) technologies, which, according to the official EU strategy, will be used for the construction of a closed energy system. Renewable energies include marine renewable energy, “green” public procurement, solar panels, alternative fuels. However, these projects pose a number of challenges for European countries, such as the need to build new infrastructure and reform the tax system. The fulfilment of all the objectives of the “European Green Deal” also involves certain risks, for example, the loss of a significant number of jobs by heavy industry workers and the loss of competitiveness of certain branches of the economy. European energy policy undoubtedly influences the policy of the Russian Federation. The global trend on renewable energy directly concerns Russia and the countries of the post-Soviet space, because this region has a high potential in this industry. This is particularly true for renewable energy sources such as wind power and hydropower. The development of renewable energy sources is undoubtedly a very important process for world politics, because energy is one of the most important resources that nations possess. It is very important to take this into account when considering the world’s political strategies. 

Homo anthropologicus: Unexamined behavioural models in sociocultural anthropology

Inferences from ethnography in sociocultural anthropological arguments frequently rely on an unexamined model of the human mind and behaviour. Across a range of theoretical approaches, human thought and behaviour are implicitly understood as coherently following a single underlying cultural logic, described in terms such as ‘ontology’, habitus, political strategy. We term this implicit model Homo anthropologicus, by analogy with Homo economicus. Both simplify human behaviour and can thus lead to errors in its interpretation. We examine examples of Homo anthropologicus in anthropological approaches to ontology, caste, state evasion, and habitus. We propose that such accounts are erroneous in light of the multiple cognitive systems involved in human thought and behaviour, discussed with close reference to dual process theory. Unlike Homo anthropologicus, Homo sapiens’ behaviour is frequently inconsistent. Whilst anthropologists have long acknowledged this is the case, in practice, as we demonstrate through our examples, inconsistency is frequently seen as a problem to be explained away rather than as a feature of behaviour to be accounted for in its own right. We therefore conclude by calling for a greater degree of methodological reflexivity when making inferences from ethnography.

A Socio-Pragmatic Study of Honorific Expressions in ''Pride and Prejudice''

Honorific expressions are mostly common used in literature, specifically in novels. They have occupied an important role within the domain of socio-pragmatic studies of language. They refer to one form of speech that signal social deference, through conventionalized understandings of some aspects of the form-meaning relationship. Honorific expressions have not been studied sufficiently from a socio-pragmatic perspective, particularly in literature. The problem is, therefore, honorifics have not received an adequate analysis and significant attention from a socio-pragmatic perspective, specifically in literary text. Hence, this study attempts to answer the following questions: what is the relationship between honorification and politeness? That is, are honorifics necessarily utilized to indicate politeness or not"? Is there a relationship between the honorific expressions and the sociolinguistic variables like, age, social distance, educational degree and social status in the movie ''Pride and Prejudice''? This paper aims at identifying these honorific forms that are manifested socially and pragmatically with reference to theory of intimacy/status and the theory of politeness. Besides, it attempts to investigate the relationship between the positive and negative politeness strategies and the functions of different categories of honorifics that are used by some public characters in movie 'Pride and Prejudice'. It also sheds light on the effect of different sociolinguistic variables in interpreting and identifying the honorific expressions. The finding of this study reveals that context and other sociolinguistic factors are an effective factors and have an important role in providing a full understanding of the intended meaning of honorific forms. Substantially, this paper shows that how the choice of honorific expressions is utilized differently depending on particular socio-pragmatic aspects.

Valuation entrepreneurship through product‐design and blame‐avoidance strategies: How Tesla managed to change the public perception of sustainable innovations

AbstractDeveloping innovative, eco‐friendlier products that gain traction in the mass market remains a persistent challenge for many firms. To bring consumers to choose “greener” alternatives over conventional products, firms need to overcome prevailing product evaluations that favor traditional solutions. Research on valuation entrepreneurship examines the strategies that actors apply to induce changes in established evaluations. Adding to the emerging literature on valuation entrepreneurship, our study analyzes how the car maker Tesla, Inc. used product design—material artifacts' properties of form and function—to advance the public perception of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). When Tesla entered the market, several firms had tried to promote BEVs as a way of making private mobility more environmentally friendly, but with limited success. In contrast, Tesla produced well‐received BEVs that generated enormous consumer interest and led to a more favorable assessment of BEVs as a whole. Drawing on 54 interviews and nearly 2000 pages of archival data, our abductive study identifies three product design strategies that increased the appeal of Tesla's initial models: (1) incorporating discontinuous technological solutions; (2) optimizing the products on traditional evaluation criteria (e.g., driving performance, comfort, space, status); and (3) creating an ecosystem of complementary products. Since some design choices came at the expense of a minimal environmental footprint, they risked attracting blame for compromising on the environmental performance of potentially eco‐friendly cars and for committing “greenwashing.” To minimize this risk, Tesla complemented its design strategies by employing three strategies of reputational politics to avoid such blame. After Tesla's initial, lavish models had improved the public perception of electric cars, Tesla and other car makers were able to sell less excessive and more sustainable BEVs in much greater quantities than ever before. Our findings contribute to three literature streams and generate valuable insights for management practice.

Северные страны: национальный и региональный брендинг

Currently, global challenges and threats pay much attention to promising political strategies in order to strengthen economic cooperation between states. Therefore, the actions taken by the administrations of the Nordic nations, which are considered to be Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland, are worth examining not only for their successful long-term collaboration but also as a model for implementing innovative approaches to regional development through branding and new technologies. This study provides a comparative analysis of cooperation and an assessment of Nordic positioning approaches through the use of national and regional place brands. The purpose of the research is to explore the application of branding technologies of this study is to study the use of branding technologies to strengthen economic cooperation in the Nordic countries. The research methodology is based on conducting a comparative analysis of cooperation and assessing the approaches to positioning the Nordic countries through the use of common and regional brands. The theoretical significance of the work lies in revealing the possibilities of branding technologies for strengthening economic cooperation between states, as well as in studying successful practices of regional development. The practical significance of the work provides possible recommendations for Nordic governments on the use of branding technologies to strengthen economic cooperation. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the use of branding technologies is a widely used tool in the region, and can contribute to successful regional development.

Depicting the politeness strategy of Tower of God’s author

Politeness strategy does not merely connect to reality between several persons but in imagination of one person as well like depicted in webtoons. This research contributes to give insight how to elaborate the politeness strategy expressed by one person, as author, in form of utterances. By using qualitative approach, the data were analyzed descriptively and concluded to get the line of politeness strategy. The results of the analysis in this study will be briefly describing 4 types of politeness strategy found in the conversations between the characters of the Tower of God season 1. Firstly, Bald on-record which consist of giving orders, making requests, giving warnings, and giving statements. Secondly, positive politeness which consist of seeking agreement and avoiding disagreements, making offers, promises, optimism, giving gifts (understanding and cooperation), showing flock loyalty, etc. Thirdly, negative politeness which consist of apologize for coercion, be indirect, pessimistic, minimize imposing, use questions, pay respects. Fourthly, off record which consist of ironic, vague and ambiguous, incomplete. Meanwhile, there are 4 functions found in Tower of God season 1.

Politik Dinasti di Negara Demokrasi

Dynastic politic is the biggest challangein building a valuable democracy in a government order. Which the dynastic politic can be seen from the occurrence of a power held by family and kinship group. This phenomenon can be a material for common thoughts, especially the elites and stakeholders by putting forward alternative solution that refer to the rules. In the persvective of democracy, general election and local election are one of the answer that will be able to give birth to people’s desire to get qualified candidates for leaders. The dynasty’s political strategy was used as a tool to secure power by placing family or relative in certain posts in the formal (government) or informal (projects or business) fields. If this continues, the dynastic politic will develop rapidly and the pros contras will emerge in the midst of implementing a government based on Pancasila democracy. this study aims to determine the influence of political dynasties on the development of Pancasila in Indonesia.
  

Fake News in Brazil – Bolsonaro Case Study

It is well-known that former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro used social media to spread fake news with the assistance of his public official supporters also known as the “hatred cabinet”. This practice started during his campaign and continued throughout his government. This political strategy was guided by a selected group influenced by Olavo de Carvalho and inspired by his far-right thinking. This paper aims to analyze Bolsonaro’s political strategy of using social media to manipulate his followers by applying Carlo Ginzburg’s evidence method. The theoretical reference is based on Pierre Bourdieu, Jürgen Habermas from the vision of Mauro Wilton and Wilson Gomes, Zygmunt Bauman, Hanna Arendt, Yuval Harari, Pierre Lévy, Gilles Lipovetsky, Georges Balandier, among others. In the post-truth era, Bolsonaro and his supporters continue to disseminate fake news through a giant network in social media - such as Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook - about many different issues including politics, dictatorship, racism, homophobia, environment, COVID-19 treatment, and vaccines. Keywords: fake news, social media, public space, digital communication, post-modernity

Analisis Semiotik Iklan Politik Prabowo Gibran Pada Pilpres 2024

General elections are a crucial moment in the life of the nation and state. This moment is used by political figures to build positive perceptions through political advertising. Political advertising has the main function as a strategic communication tool in the democratic process. This research aims to uncover the meaning and communication strategies used in Prabowo Gibran's political advertisements during the 2024 Presidential Election. The focus of this research is to decipher the symbolic meaning and messages contained in political advertisements using Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic theory as a basis for exploring the signs- signs that appear in these political advertisements. By referring to Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic theory, this research tries to identify and analyze the signs that appear in the Prabowo Gibran couple's political advertisements, both visual and verbal. Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic analysis carried out by outlining three important components, namely Sign, Object, Interpretant, shows that political advertisements have a distinctive communication style as part of their political communication strategy. Semiotic analysis also places this advertisement in the positive category, indicating that the message conveyed is able to create meaning that supports the positive image of the couple.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE AND POLITENESS STRATEGIES

This article delves into the nuanced topic of gender differences in language use and politeness strategies, exploring the ways in which individuals' gender identities shape their communication styles. Drawing on research from sociolinguistics and communication studies, the article examines the various ways in which men and women may employ different speech patterns, vocabulary, and politeness strategies in their interactions. Additionally, the article considers the intersectionality of gender with other social factors, such as race, class, and sexual orientation, to provide a more holistic understanding of gendered language use. Implications for communication and relationships, as well as suggestions for future research, are also discussed.

Peloponnesian War Perpetual Conflict and Future Challenges

The Peloponnesian War, a monumental conflict in ancient Greek history, provided much valuable knowledge for modern foreign policy. Through an analysis of conflict-inducing factors, the military and political strategies used by Athens and Sparta, and their implications for the future, this article highlights the importance of diplomacy, strong alliances, balance of power, and effective military strategy in preventing conflict and promoting peace. Recommendations are given to prioritize diplomacy, strengthen regional alliances, respect the balance of power, collaborate multilaterally, and maintain flexibility and adaptation in foreign policy. The methodology used in this article is a comprehensive literature study on the topic of the Peloponnesian War. By applying knowledge from the Peloponnesian War, nations can build a solid foundation for future peace, stability, and prosperity, drawing lessons from history to shape a better future for all humanity.

CHINA'S CULTURAL SOFT POWER IN BANGLADESH: ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES (2000-2020).

ABSTRACT
 Cultural dominance is one of the most significant aspects of soft power strategy in global politics. The most influential countries employ cultural soft power to consolidate their positions on international platforms to enhance national interests. This study explores China's cultural soft power strategies in Bangladesh by examining its achievements and challenges. It identifies that China has extended its cultural dynamics to considerable levels in Bangladesh, including arranging cultural programs and festivals, exchange programs, support for higher education, cultural institutes, media, availability of cultural content, and infrastructure development. However, China faces several challenges in achieving its soft power objectives due to cultural barriers, political manipulation, and proper management of facilities. This study recommends that China should develop initiatives to reduce the challenges in the country. This study followed a qualitative research method, based on secondary sources. This study fills a crucial gap in the understanding of China's efficacy in Bangladesh. A comprehensive insight into China's cultural soft power will help policymakers in enhancing bilateral relations as well as contribute to academia such as international relations, diplomacy and other intellectual horizons related to Bangladesh studies.
  
  
  
 Keyword: Cultural Soft Power, goals, China, Bangladesh

Sweden's quest for shelter: ‘Nonalignment' and NATO membership

AbstractThis paper posits that, contrary to conventional wisdom, Sweden's decision to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and end its official policy of ‘nonalignment’ is neither very surprising nor radical in nature. Utilising the shelter theory framework, we examine the Swedish case to shed a new light on the economic, societal and political shelter‐seeking policy choices that led to Stockholm's NATO application in May of 2022. The analysis finds that Sweden's established strategy of seeking shelter from Western powers eventually induced and facilitated close military cooperation with NATO—ultimately leading to accession on 7 March 2024. The decision to join the Alliance should, therefore, be understood as a culmination, building on a historically flexible approach to neutrality and previously established shelter arrangements that were deemed in 2022, after Russia's full‐scale invasion of Ukraine and subsequent developments in Finland, to be no longer sufficient in deterring or responding to new threat dynamics. The case indicates that shelter theory accurately captures the foreign policy strategy of a small neutral and later nonaligned state. However, analysing Sweden's move towards NATO within the given framework also presents an opportunity for theory development; specifically, the theory ought to more meticulously examine three small‐state shelter‐seeking features, namely, how societal and economic shelter relations may precede and, therefore, affect political shelter strategies (or vice versa), the role of ‘critical junctures’ in the theory; and finally, how small states may be affected by each other's shelter‐seeking strategies.

Language of Political Campaign: Unraveling the Linguistic Landscape in Billboard Advertisements

Billboard advertisements for legislative and senatorial campaigns are integral to the cityscape leading to the general elections, reflecting local political dynamics. This study examines the linguistic landscape in billboard advertisements for legislative and senator campaigns heading for the general election in Indonesia. A qualitative method was employed, gathering data from billboard advertisements across various city areas. Analysis was conducted on the language usage, stylistic features, word choice, sentence structure, and visual representations in these billboard advertisements. Findings indicate a variation in language usage, with standard Indonesian predominating but also a presence of local language mixtures. Stylistic features range from persuasive to informative, while word choice tends toward positively connotated terms. Sentence structures tend to be simple and direct, while visual representations emphasize the candidates and symbols reflecting political aspirations. These results depict candidates' complex communication strategies influencing voter opinions and attitudes. A profound understanding of this linguistic landscape is crucial for political observers and candidates to comprehend local political campaign dynamics and effective communication strategies. This study added a new dimension to understanding how political communication is manifested in public spaces. By focusing on billboards as an outdoor media, which often serves as a daily backdrop for many people, this study explores how language can effectively capture voters' attention and influence their political attitudes. Thus, this study is expected to significantly enrich the understanding of political linguistics and communication strategies in the context of election campaigns.

Sympathy With Ukraine (Or Not So Much)! Emotion-Based Solidarity in the Political Communication of the Polish and Hungarian Prime Ministers

This article investigates emotionally based solidarity appeals in the Facebook posts from Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki (Poland) and Prime Minister Viktor Orbán (Hungary) published in the first weeks of Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine, between February 24 and April 9, 2022. Our approach involves a qualitative thematic analysis to uncover the political strategies used to either foster or diminish a collective sense of sympathy. The findings reveal a striking disparity between the two countries. Prime Minister Morawiecki’s rhetoric strongly emphasizes sympathetic solidarity, establishing a close and emotional bond with Ukraine. He extends his support to the attacked country, including the provision of weapons and diplomatic services, while openly expressing hostility toward Russia. In contrast, Prime Minister Orbán’s posts, despite mentioning humanitarian efforts coordinated by his government, notably lack appeals for sympathy. Based on the comparison of the two countries, our study emphasizes the significance of nuanced moral language for political agenda in times of crisis.

"Resistance leads to self-destruction": how an (a)political strategy helped Karl von Frisch succeed during the Nazi era.

Karl von Frisch, one of the leading zoologists of the twentieth century and co-founder of the Journal of Comparative Physiology A, has been frequently portrayed as an opponent of the Nazi regime because he, as a 'quarter-Jew,' faced the threat of forced retirement from his position as a professor at the University of Munich during the Third Reich. However, doubts about an active opposition role have surfaced in recent years. A litmus test for assessing the validity of this notion is provided by our discovery that four of the six core members of the anti-Nazi resistance group 'White Rose'-Sophie Scholl, Hans Scholl, Christoph Probst, and Alexander Schmorell-were his students. When they were arrested, sentenced to death, and executed, he seemed to ignore this historic event, both during and after World War II-in line with his belief that resistance leads to self-destruction, and research can flourish only by ignoring what happens around oneself. On the other hand, this seemingly apolitical attitude did not prevent him from making use of politics when it served his interests. Such actions included his (pseudo-)scientific justification of forced sterilization of people suffering from hereditary disorders during the Third Reich and his praise of the Nazi government's efforts to "keep races pure." As unsettling as these and some other political views and actions of Karl von Frisch are, they enabled him to carry out several critical pieces of his research agenda during the Third Reich, which three decades later earned him a Nobel Prize.

The Role of Pragmatics in Cross-Cultural Communication

Purpose: The general purpose of this study was to explore the role of pragmatics in cross-cultural communication.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to pragmatics in cross-cultural communication. The study provided valuable insights into the pivotal role of pragmatics in facilitating effective communication across diverse cultural contexts. By exploring principles such as speech acts, politeness strategies, and implicature, the research enhanced understanding of how language is used and interpreted in cross-cultural interactions. The findings underscored the importance of pragmatic competence and cultural sensitivity in achieving mutual understanding. Furthermore, the study highlighted the need for incorporating pragmatic awareness training into educational curricula and policymaking efforts to promote cultural inclusivity and cooperation. Overall, the study's contributions deepen our understanding of cross-cultural communication dynamics and offer practical guidance for navigating cultural differences in an interconnected world.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Speech Act theory, Politeness theory and Relevance theory may be used to anchor future studies on the role of pragmatics in cross-cultural communication. The study provided several key recommendations that contributed to both theory and practice in the field of intercultural communication. These recommendations included incorporating pragmatic competence training into educational curricula, implementing cross-cultural training programs in organizations, developing initiatives and policies to promote intercultural understanding, considering cultural factors in online communication platforms, engaging in reflective practices to enhance awareness of cultural differences, and establishing cross-cultural pragmatics as a distinct field of study. These suggestions aimed to enhance individuals' ability to navigate cross-cultural interactions effectively, promote inclusivity and mutual understanding in diverse settings, and advance theoretical knowledge in the field of intercultural communication.

Analysis of Politeness Strategies from the Perspective of the Interpersonal Function of Language in Systemic Functional Grammar

Politeness strategies play a crucial role in maintaining social harmony and establishing interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal function of language in Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) provides a framework to analyze how language is used to interact with others. Our research aims to analyze the interpersonal functions of politeness strategies in conversation from the perspective of mood, modality, and person in SFG, with a focus on politeness theory, face theory, and politeness strategies. It shows how language is used to manage social relationships and establish social hierarchies in communication, and how understanding politeness strategies can help communicate more effectively and respectfully in different contexts.

Religion in modern projects: between alarmism, political expediency and utopia

The permanent shift of modernity, the epistemological crisis, and the politicization of all social spheres determine an atmosphere of global political anxiety. The ever-expanding security deficit becomes an attribute of modernity, as a fragmentation as a response to globality and the emergence of alternative ways of political genesis reflects new socio-cultural semantic nodes. Existential threats raise a persistent appeal to religion. The loss of epistemological certainty in political constructions contributes to the theoretical confusion about the future. The diffusion of political and value contexts forces people to turn to religion while developing projects and setting the goals of modernity. This creates cognitive and political- instrumental difficulties in using legitimizing and, at the same time, mutually exclusive religious meanings. The simultaneous truth in different types of discourses and in theory makes it impossible to find a common denominator. We argue that the projects and goal settings of modernity, claiming to be universal, but not achieving it, are structured primarily based on the logic of alarmism and eschatology. A positive project, trying to overcome the limitations of politicization, moves to the value plane. We consider three perspectives of the teleology of modernity, including religious meanings: theoretical, metaphysical, and instrumental. The research methodology is based on the problems of political goal setting in the logic of, traditional/ modern, explaining the religious coloring of political strategies and the splitting of future visions. The othering based on religious differences as a tool of political goal setting, the political instrumentalization of religious identities, simultaneously with religious creation of the world, puts two possible projects of modernity at opposite poles - the World of Religions and the World of Faith. Among the possible projects arising at the intersection of religion and politics, the author suggests three large clusters: alarmism, political expediency, and utopia.

Political Party Management Strategy: An Approach to Political Communication Strategy

In the 2019 Legislative Election there were 19 parties participating in the election contest, of which 4 new parties passed, while in the 2024 Legislative Election there were 24 parties that passed, including 4 new parties, one of which was the Gelora Party and in South Sulawesi only 18 parties passed the election. This research aims to (1) describe the Gelora Party's communication planning in obtaining legislative seats. (2) describes the implementation of Gelora Party communications to obtain legislative seats. This research was carried out at the Gelora Party DPW Office, South Sulawesi. Data collection was carried out through observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Data analysis uses qualitative methods with a narrative or descriptive qualitative study approach. The results of the research show that the Gelora Party's Political Communication Strategy as a New Party in the 2023 General Election continues to implement a political communication strategy in winning legislative seats, where means of supporting political communication such as creative and up-to-date social media content to support the popularity of legislative candidates, a persuasive approach is still dominant. The Gelora Party and its image as a Nationalist Party became an obstacle in gaining support from other religious groups.